In the realm of fluid dynamics, imagine a smooth and even flow of particles known as steady motion. Here, streamlines, which are imaginary lines that depict the direction of particle movement, remain fixed. These streamlines run parallel to one another, indicating a unified flow. However, when this tranquility is disrupted, turbulence takes dominan

Semiconductors play a fundamental role in modern electronics due to their ability to manipulate the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence